专利侵权纠纷中小家电企业如何利用
合法来源抗辩减轻赔偿责任
HowSmallHomeApplianceEnterprisesinPatentInfringementDisputesCanUsetheDefenseofLawfulSourcetoMitigateLiabilityforDamages
作者:黄泽霆
Author:HuangZeting
关键词:专利侵权;合法来源;举证责任
Keywords:patentinfringement;lawfulsource;burdenofproof
(本文系为普法目的而创作,文中故事改编自真实案例,当事人名称以化名处理,如有雷同,纯属巧合,请勿对号入座。)
(Thisarticleiscompiledforlegalpopularizationpurposesonly.Thestorieshereinareadaptedfromrealcases;allpartiesinvolvedhavebeengivenpseudonyms.Anyresemblancetoactualpersonsoreventsispurelycoincidental,andreadersarerequestednottoengageinpersonalassociation.)
一、基本案情
I.Background
小松公司在网上销售一款空气净化器,被小霆公司以侵害发明专利权为由起诉了,要求小松公司停止侵权、赔偿经济损失及合理维权开支。小松公司收到法院的应诉通知后立即咨询了专业的知识产权律师。律师经过调查后发现,小松公司销售的空气净化器(以下简称被诉侵权产品)落入了小霆公司的一件发明专利(以下简称涉案专利)权利要求的保护范围。对此,小松公司表示自己并不知情,并且自己也向供应商支付了合理的对价。律师深入了解案情后,发现现有证据可以证明被诉侵权的空气净化器具有合法的来源,因此建议小松公司在本案中主张合法来源抗辩,这样可以免除赔偿责任。
XiaosongCompanysoldanairpurifieronlineandwassuedbyXiaotingCompanyforinfringementofaninventionpatent.XiaotingdemandedthatXiaosongceaseinfringement,compensateforeconomiclosses,andreimbursereasonablecostsincurredinenforcingitsrights.Uponreceivingthecourtnotice,Xiaosongimmediatelyconsultedaspecializedintellectualpropertylawyer.Afterinvestigation,thelawyerfoundthattheairpurifiersoldbyXiaosong(hereinafter"theaccusedinfringingproduct")fellwithinthescopeofprotectionofaclaimofaninventionpatentownedbyXiaoting(hereinafter"thepatent-in-suit").Inresponse,Xiaosongstatedthatithadnoknowledgeoftheinfringementandthatithadpaidareasonableconsiderationtoitssupplier.Uponfurtherreview,thelawyerdeterminedthattheavailableevidencecouldestablishalawfulsourcefortheaccusedinfringingairpurifier,andthereforeadvisedXiaosongtoassertthedefenseoflawfulsourceinthiscase,whichcouldexemptitfromliabilityfordamages.
诉讼过程中,小松公司辩称其销售的被诉侵权产品具有合法来源,有正当的进货渠道,应当免除赔偿责任,并提供了销售出货单等证据。
Duringthelitigation,Xiaosongarguedthattheaccusedinfringingproductitsoldhadalawfulsourceandwasobtainedthroughlegitimatesupplychannels,andthusitshouldbeexemptedfromliabilityfordamages.Xiaosongsubmittedevidenceincludingsalesdeliveryordersinsupport.
法院经审理认为,销售者合法来源抗辩能否成立,需要同时满足被诉侵权产品具有合法来源这一客观要件和销售者无主观过错这一主观要件。本案中,小松公司从制造者处购得被诉侵权产品后对外销售,交易链条完整,进货价格及销售价格合理,符合社会一般交易习惯,因此其所售产品系通过正常商业方式取得,且小松公司已披露被诉侵权产品的生产者信息,综合在案证据,结合一般市场交易规则,可以认定小松公司所售产品具有合法来源,其属于正常开展经营活动,并无主观过错,依法不承担赔偿责任。
Thecourtheldthatforaseller'sdefenseoflawfulsourcetobeestablished,twoconditionsmustbemetsimultaneously:theobjectiveelementthattheaccusedinfringingproducthasalawfulsource,andthesubjectiveelementthatthesellerhasnofault.Inthiscase,Xiaosongpurchasedtheaccusedinfringingproductfromthemanufacturerandthenresoldit.Thetransactionchainwascomplete,andboththepurchasepriceandthesalepricewerereasonableandconsistentwithnormalcommercialpracticesinsociety.Therefore,theproductwasacquiredthroughordinarycommercialchannels.Moreover,Xiaosonghaddisclosedtheidentityofthemanufactureroftheaccusedinfringingproduct.Consideringalltheevidenceinthecasetogetherwithgeneralmarkettransactionrules,thecourtfoundthattheproductsoldbyXiaosonghadalawfulsource,thatXiaosongwasconductingnormalbusinessoperationswithoutanysubjectivefault,andaccordingly,itwasnotliableforcompensation.
二、法律分析
II.LegalAnalysis
(一)合法来源抗辩的构成要件
(I)ElementsforEstablishingtheDefenseofLawfulSource
根据《中华人民共和国专利法》及相关司法解释的规定,合法来源抗辩的成立需要同时满足以下要件:
PursuanttothePatentLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandrelevantjudicialinterpretations,thedefenseoflawfulsourcerequiresthefollowingelementstobeestablishedsimultaneously:
1.主体要件
抗辩主体为专利侵权产品的使用者、销售者或许诺销售者。
1.SubjectElement–Thedefensemayberaisedbyauser,seller,orofferorforsaleofthepatentedinfringingproduct.
2.客观要件
专利侵权产品是通过合法的销售渠道、通常的买卖合同等正常商业方式取得。
2.ObjectiveElement–Thepatentedinfringingproductwasobtainedthroughnormalcommercialchannels,suchaslegitimatedistributionchannelsandordinarysalescontracts.
3.主观要件
不知道且不应当知道是未经专利权人许可而制造并售出的专利侵权产品。
3.SubjectiveElement–Thedefendantdidnotknowandshouldnothaveknownthattheproductwasapatentedinfringingproductmanufacturedandsoldwithoutthepatentee'sauthorization.
(二)合法来源抗辩的举证责任
(II)BurdenofProoffortheDefenseofLawfulSource
1.客观要件
根据相关司法解释的规定,被诉侵权产品具有合法来源这一客观要件应由合法来源抗辩者承担举证责任。具体而言,一般要求合法来源抗辩者提供购买产品的合同、进货单据、上游制造者或销售者提供的发货单据、购买产品的发票或支付凭证、上游制造者或销售者的主体信息、购买产品与专利侵权产品具有唯一对应性的产品信息或物流信息等证据证明专利侵权产品是通过合法的销售渠道、通常的买卖合同、合理的价格取得。
1.ObjectiveElement–Underrelevantjudicialinterpretations,theburdenofprovingthattheaccusedinfringingproducthasalawfulsourcerestsonthepartyassertingthedefense.Specifically,thedefenderisgenerallyrequiredtoprovideevidencesuchaspurchasecontracts,purchaseorders,shippingdocumentsfromtheupstreammanufacturerorseller,invoicesorpaymentreceipts,theupstreammanufacturer'sorseller'sentityinformation,andproductorlogisticsinformationthatuniquelycorrespondsthepurchasedproducttotheaccusedinfringingproduct.Thisevidencemustdemonstratethattheproductwasacquiredthroughlegitimatesaleschannels,ordinarysalescontracts,andatareasonableprice.
2.主观要件
合法来源抗辩者需要举证证明自己不知道且不应当知道被诉侵权产品是侵权产品,即证明其没有主观过错。一般情况下,合法来源抗辩者如果能够证明其通过合法的销售渠道、通常的买卖合同等正常商业方式取得被诉侵权产品,则可推定其无主观过错。权利人如果无法通过提供相反证据推翻上述推定,则会认定合法来源抗辩成立。
2.SubjectiveElement–Thepartyassertingthedefensemustprovethatitdidnotknowandshouldnothaveknownthattheaccusedinfringingproductwasaninfringingproduct–i.e.,thatitwaswithoutsubjectivefault.Generally,ifthedefendantcanprovethatitobtainedtheaccusedinfringingproductthroughnormalcommercialchannelssuchaslawfuldistributionchannelsandordinarypurchasecontracts,itslackofsubjectivefaultmaybepresumed.Ifthepatenteecannotprovidecountervailingevidencetorebutthispresumption,thedefenseoflawfulsourcewillbesustained.
三、对小家电企业的启示
III.ImplicationsforSmallHomeApplianceCompanies
对于处在产业链下游以销售、许诺销售为主要业务的小家电企业而言,合法来源抗辩提供了一条在不知情的情况下免除赔偿责任的路径。正如案例中的小松公司,只要满足法定条件,即使销售了专利侵权产品,也无需承担沉重的经济赔偿责任,仅需停止销售、承担权利人的合理维权开支即可。这可以有效避免因上游供应商的侵权行为而“背黑锅”,保护企业的正常经营。具体而言,小家电企业在日常经营过程中需注意以下两点:
Forsmallhomeapplianceenterpriseswhoseprimarybusinessconsistsofsellingandofferingforsaleatthedownstreamendofthesupplychain,thedefenseoflawfulsourceprovidesapathwaytobeexemptedfromliabilityfordamageswhenactingingoodfaith.AsillustratedbyXiaosongCompanyinthiscase,aslongasthestatutoryconditionsaremet,evenifitsoldapatentedinfringingproduct,itneednotbearheavyfinancialcompensation–onlytoceasesalesandbearthepatentee'sreasonableenforcementcosts.Thiseffectivelyavoidsbearingtheblameforupstreamsuppliers'infringingactivitiesandprotectstheenterprise'snormaloperations.Specifically,smallhomeapplianceenterprisesshouldpayattentiontothefollowingtwopointsintheirdailyoperations:
(一)规范交易流程
(I)StandardizeTransactionProcedures
企业必须建立严格的采购管理制度,确保每一次进货都保留完整的交易凭证。这包括但不限于:
Enterprisesmustestablishrigorousprocurementmanagementsystemstoensurethatcompletetransactionrecordsareretainedforeverypurchase.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto:
1.与上游供应商签订的正式采购合同或订单;
1.Formalpurchasecontractsorpurchaseorderssignedwithupstreamsuppliers;
2.完整的进货单据,如送货单、收货单,单据上应注明产品名称、型号、数量、日期等信息;
2.Completepurchaserecords,suchasdeliverynotesandreceivingslips,whichshouldclearlyindicatetheproductname,model,quantity,date,andotherrelevantinformation;
3.发票和银行转账记录等支付凭证;
3.Invoicesandbanktransferrecordsorotherpaymentvouchers;
4.供应商的公司名称、联系人、联系方式等主体信息。
4.Thesupplier'scompanyname,contactperson,contactinformation,andotherentitydetails.
以上凭证应能清楚、唯一地指向所采购的特定产品,形成闭环,证明所售产品是通过合法的销售渠道、通常的买卖合同取得。
Theabovedocumentsshouldclearlyanduniquelycorrespondtothespecificproductspurchased,formingaclosedchainofevidencethatprovestheproductswereacquiredthroughlegitimatedistributionchannelsandordinarypurchasecontracts.
(二)履行合理注意义务
(II)ExerciseReasonableDutyofCare
1.供应商资质审查
在建立合作关系前,应对供应商的资质、信誉、生产规模、是否拥有相关产品的知识产权或授权等进行必要的审查。选择正规、知名的供应商可以大大降低购入侵权产品的风险。
1.SupplierQualificationReview–Beforeestablishingabusinessrelationship,theenterpriseshouldconductnecessarychecksonthesupplier'squalifications,reputation,productionscale,andwhetheritownsrelevantintellectualpropertyrightsorauthorizations.Choosingreputableandwell-knownsupplierscansubstantiallyreducetheriskofpurchasinginfringingproducts.
2.合理价格判断
采购价格应符合当时的市场正常水平。如果价格远低于市场价,可能被法院认定为“应当知道”产品存在侵权嫌疑,从而导致抗辩失败。
2.ReasonablePriceAssessment–Thepurchasepriceshouldbeconsistentwithnormalmarketlevelsatthetime.Ifthepriceissignificantlybelowthemarketprice,acourtmayfindthattheenterprise"shouldhaveknown"ofthepotentialinfringement,whichcouldleadtothefailureofthedefense.
四、相关规定
IV.RelevantProvisions(TranslationforReferenceOnly)
《中华人民共和国专利法》(2020修正)
PatentLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(2020Amendment)
第七十七条 为生产经营目的使用、许诺销售或者销售不知道是未经专利权人许可而制造并售出的专利侵权产品,能证明该产品合法来源的,不承担赔偿责任。
Article77:Anyuser,offerorforsale,orsellerwho,forproductionandbusinessoperationpurposes,uses,offerstosell,orsellsapatentedinfringingproductwithoutknowingthatitwasmanufacturedandsoldwithouttheauthorizationofthepatentee,andwhocanprovethattheproducthasalawfulsource,shallnotbeliableforcompensation.
《最高人民法院关于审理侵犯专利权纠纷案件应用法律若干问题的解释(二)》(2020修正)
SupremePeople'sCourt'sInterpretation(II)onSeveralIssuesConcerningtheApplicationofLawintheTrialofPatentInfringementDisputes(2020Amendment)
第二十五条 为生产经营目的使用、许诺销售或者销售不知道是未经专利权人许可而制造并售出的专利侵权产品,且举证证明该产品合法来源的,对于权利人请求停止上述使用、许诺销售、销售行为的主张,人民法院应予支持,但被诉侵权产品的使用者举证证明其已支付该产品的合理对价的除外。
本条第一款所称不知道,是指实际不知道且不应当知道。
本条第一款所称合法来源,是指通过合法的销售渠道、通常的买卖合同等正常商业方式取得产品。对于合法来源,使用者、许诺销售者或者销售者应当提供符合交易习惯的相关证据。
Article25:Whereauser,offerorforsale,orseller,forproductionandbusinessoperationpurposes,uses,offerstosell,orsellsapatentedinfringingproductwithoutknowingthatitwasmanufacturedandsoldwithouttheauthorizationofthepatentee,andprovesthattheproducthasalawfulsource,thepeople'scourtshallsupportthepatentee'sclaimtoenjoinsuchuse,offerforsale,orsale,exceptwheretheuseroftheaccusedinfringingproductprovesthatithaspaidareasonableconsiderationfortheproduct.
Theterm"withoutknowing"inthefirstparagraphofthisArticlemeansthatthepartyactuallydidnotknowandshouldnothaveknown.
Theterm"lawfulsource"inthefirstparagraphofthisArticlemeansthattheproductwasobtainedthroughnormalcommercialchannels,suchaslegitimatedistributionchannelsandordinarysalescontracts.Toestablishalawfulsource,theuser,offerorforsale,orsellershallproviderelevantevidenceconsistentwithtradepractices.
吴烨律师