公司分立后,承继人是否享有商标先用权?
作者:王培培
Author:PeipeiWang
关键词:先用权抗辩;在先使用人;商标先用权的承继
Keywords:priorusedefense;priortrademarkuser;successiontothetrademarkprioruseright
本文系为普法目的而创作,文中故事改编自真实案例,当事人名称以化名处理,如有雷同,纯属巧合,请勿对号入座。
Thisarticleiscompiledforlegalpopularizationpurposesonly.Thestorieshereinareadaptedfromrealcases;
allpartiesinvolvedhavebeengivenpseudonyms.Anyresemblancetoactualpersonsoreventsispurelycoincidental,andreadersarerequestednottoengageinpersonalassociation.
一、案情简介
I.Background
贝贝公司是一家生产销售小家电产品的公司,公司的一款电器品牌(贝品牌)知名度极高、销量极好。但是好景不长,贝贝公司因经营出现问题,分立成两个公司,老贝公司和小贝公司,两个公司继续销售贝品牌电器。近期,老贝公司被他人以侵害商标权起诉,涉案商标竟然就是老贝公司使用的贝品牌商标。原来,贝贝公司一直没有注册贝品牌商标,从贝贝公司到老贝公司使用的一直是未注册的商标。老贝公司的法律顾问叶子仔细看了原告的起诉材料,发现涉案商标的申请日远远晚于贝贝公司的商标使用时间,贝贝公司是商标在先使用人,但是贝贝公司已经分立成老贝和小贝公司了,那老贝公司是否继续享有先用权呢?
BeibeiCompanyengagesintheproductionandsaleofsmallhouseholdelectricalappliances.Oneofitsproductbrands,the“Bei”Brand,hasgainedextremelyhighbrandrecognitionandoutstandingsalesvolume.
However,itsprosperousbusinessdidnotlastlong.Plaguedbyoperationaldifficulties,BeibeiCompanyunderwentcorporatedivisionandsplitintotwonewentities:LaobeiCompanyandXiaobeiCompany,bothofwhichcontinuedtosellelectricalappliancesundertheBeiBrand.
Recently,LaobeiCompanywassuedbyathirdpartyfortrademarkinfringement,andsurprisingly,thedisputedtrademarkturnedouttobenoneotherthantheBeiBrandmarkusedbyLaobeiCompany.
TherootcausewasthatBeibeiCompanyhadneverregisteredtheBeiBrandtrademark;themarkadoptedsuccessivelybyBeibeiCompanyandlaterLaobeiCompanyremainedanunregisteredtrademarkallalong.
Yezi,thelegalcounselofLaobeiCompany,carefullyreviewedtheplaintiff’scomplaintmaterialsandfoundthatthefilingdateofthedisputedtrademarkwasfarlaterthanthedatewhenBeibeiCompanyfirstputthemarkintocommercialuse.
BeibeiCompanyqualifiedasthepriortrademarkuser.Nevertheless,BeibeiCompanyhadalreadysplitintoLaobeiCompanyandXiaobeiCompany.Thecorelegalquestionthusarises:doesLaobeiCompanycontinuetoenjoythetrademarkprioruseright?
二、法律分析
II.LegalAnalysis
贝贝公司分立后,老贝公司作为其承继人,依然享有商标先用权。原因有三:
一、根据《民法典》相关规定,商标属于知识产权的一种,是商标权利人享有的专有民事权利。未注册商标虽非严格意义上的民事权利,但它既是对不同商品和服务进行区分和竞争的标识,也是经营者商品和服务质量、商业信誉和形象的保证,属于民事法益,可以参照民事权利的获取方式而取得,故未注册商标依法应具有承继性。
二、因商标的使用凝聚而成的商誉是企业重要的无形资产,而商标所承载的权利与商标亦具有不可分割性。在先使用者本人因各种原因无法继续经营时,如果不允许在先使用人的承继者主张先用权抗辩,则可能导致在先未注册商标所累积的商品和服务质量、商业信誉和形象等只能任其自行消逝,这对在先使用人是不公平的。
三、在先使用人的承继者本质上并非对在先未注册商标的受让或被许可,而是对在先使用人经营业务的承继,并不会损害注册商标权人的利益,亦不会导致在先使用权被无限放大。
AfterthedivisionofBeibeiCompany,LaobeiCompany,asitssuccessor,stillenjoysthetrademarkprioruseright,forthefollowingthreereasons:
1.PursuanttotherelevantprovisionsoftheCivilCode,trademarksfallunderintellectualpropertyrightsandconstituteexclusivecivilrightsheldbytrademarkrightholders.
Althoughanunregisteredtrademarkisnotacivilrightinthestrictsense,itservesasanidentifierdistinguishingdifferentgoodsandservicesformarketcompetition,andalsoguaranteesthequalityofoperators’goodsandservices,aswellastheircommercialreputationandimage.
Itqualifiesasacivillegalinterest,whichmaybeacquiredbyreferencetotheacquisitionrulesapplicabletocivilrights.Accordingly,unregisteredtrademarksaretransmissiblebysuccessioninaccordancewiththelaw.
2.Thegoodwillaccumulatedthroughtrademarkuseconstitutesacriticalintangibleassetofanenterprise,andtherightsembodiedinatrademarkareinseparablefromthetrademarkitself.
theoriginalprioruserceasesoperationforanyreason,barringitssuccessorfromassertingapriorusedefensewouldallowtheaccumulatedvalueofgoodsandservicequality,
commercialreputationandbrandimageattachedtotheunregisteredpriortrademarktodissipateentirelyonitsown,whichwouldbeinequitabletotheprioruser.
3.Asuccessortotheprioruserisessentiallyneitheranassigneenoralicenseeoftheunregisteredpriortrademark;instead,suchsuccessorobtainsrightsthroughthesuccessionoftheprioruser’sbusinessoperations.
Suchsuccessionneitherimpairstheinterestsoftheregisteredtrademarkownernorresultsinunlimitedexpansionoftheprioruseright.
三、启示
Ⅲ.Implications
对于享有商标先用权的法人或者非法人组织,因合并、分立、产权转让、终止等原因导致其整体权利义务发生变更或转移,由其权利义务变更或转移后的继承者享有商标先用权。
alegalpersonorunincorporatedorganizationentitledtothetrademarkprioruserightundergoesalterationortransferofallitsrightsandobligationsduetomerger,division,
transferofpropertyrights,terminationorothercauses,thesuccessortosuchalteredortransferredrightsandobligationsshallsucceedtothetrademarkprioruseright.
四、相关规定
IV.RelevantProvisions(TranslationforReferenceOnly)
《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百二十九条
民事权利可以依据民事法律行为、事实行为、法律规定的事件或者法律规定的其他方式取得。
CivilCodeofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaArticle129
Civil-lawrightsmaybeacquiredthroughtheperformanceofaciviljuristicact,theoccurrenceofanactdefacto,theoccurrenceofaneventasprescribedbylaw,orbyothermeansprovidedbylaw.
中华人民共和国商标法(2019修正)第五十九条第三款
商标注册人申请商标注册前,他人已经在同一种商品或者类似商品上先于商标注册人使用与注册商标相同或者近似并有一定影响的商标的,注册商标专用权人无权禁止该使用人在原使用范围内继续使用该商标,但可以要求其附加适当区别标识。
TrademarkLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(Revisedin2019)Paragraph3ofArticle59
anidenticalorsimilartrademarkwithcertaininfluencehasbeenused,priortotheusebythetrademarkregistrant,withrespecttothesamegoodsorsimilargoodsbyothersbeforethetrademarkregistrant'sapplicationfortrademarkregistration,
theexclusiverightownermaynotprohibittheuseroftheaforesaidtrademarkfromcontinuoususeofsuchtrademarkwithintheoriginalscopebutmayrequestitsuserforadditionofproperlogosfordistinctionpurpose.
吴烨律师